Branches of Biology

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1.What do the following branches of Biology entail?                                                        (2marks)

• Cytology

      (b)  Entomology

2.Julie observed eight onion epidermal cells across the field of view of a light microscope. If the field of view was 4mm in diameter, estimate the average size of the cells in micrometers (1mm= 1000m).                                        (2 marks)

3.The diagram below represents a cell as seen under an electron microscope.

1. Identify the parts labeled A and D.                (2marks)

1. State the function of the structures found on the part labeled D.                 (1marks)

4.The two cells shown below are obtained from two different potato cylinders which were

immersed in tow different solutions P and Q.

1. i) Name the structure labelled A. 1mk

1. ii) State the function of structure B.    1mk

1. Suggest the identity of the solution Q. 1mk

1. d) Account for the change in cell I above. 2mks                                                            

5.The scientific names of three animals leopard, wolf and lion in the family carnivora are; Panthera pardus, Canis lupas and Panthera leo respectively.

1. a) Why are scientific names given in Latin?                                                       (1 mark)

1. b) What does Canis refer to?                                                                             (1 mark)

1. c) Giving a reason, state the organisms that are MOST closely related.              (1 mark)

6. The word equation below shows a biological process.

        Water                               Hydrogen atom   + oxygen

1. a)  Name the process.                                                                                              (1 mark)

1. b) Where does the process named in a) above take place?                                 (1 mark)

1. c) State two conditions necessary for the process to occur.                  (2 marks

7.The following reaction may occur in a forward and backward direction.                          

            Water + Carbon (IV) Oxide                   Glucose + Oxygen + Energy

• Name the organelle where the reaction occurs in:

          (i) Forward direction                                                                                             1mk      

          (ii) Backward direction                                                                                           1mk

• Give one difference and one similarity for the two organelles named in (a) 2mks

8. Below is a process that takes place along the mammalian digestive system:

• Name the processes represented by A and    2mks

            (b) Name part of the alimentary canal where the process B takes place.              1mk

1. c) State the role of bile salts in the digestion  of  fats  in the  alimentary          1mk

1. Name the features that increase the surface area of small intestines. (2marks)

9.The chart below shows the relationship between concentration of CO₂ around the plant and the

            rate of photosynthesis

• Account for the rate of photosynthesis between D-E 2mks

• Account for the rate of photosynthesis between F-G 2mks

           (c) Briefly describe the reactions during the light stage of photosynthesis.    1mk

10. State three functions of the alimentary canal. 3mks

11. Distinguish between guttation and transpiration. 2mks

12.Other than transport, state one other function of xylem tissue in plants.   1mk

1. State two functions of aerenchyma tissue in plants. 2mks

13.The diagram below represents a longitudinal section through the ileum wall

1. a) Identify the structure labeled A and 2mks                                                              

1. b) State one function of A and                                           1mk                                                                

1. c) State two functions of the ileum. 2mks               

1. d) Explain the role of the liver in digestion.                           1mk                                                    
2. e) State the endocrine role of the pancreas in a mammal.            1mk           

13.State the circulatory system found in members of the class insecta.         (1 mark)

      (b)  Name the blood vessels that transport blood from:    (2 marks)

• Small intestine to the liver.

• Lungs to the heart.

14. Name three methods plants employ to remove excretory waste products. 3mks

15. a) State the form in which oxygen is transported in the mammalian blood. 1mk

16. Name the strengthening substance in collenchyma tissue. (1mk)

17.(a)  Differentiate between gaseous exchange and Respiration.     (2mks)

      (b)  Name the respiratory sites of the following:

• Fish             (1mk)

• Insects                                       (1mk)

18. (a) Name two cardiovascular diseases.                                                  (2mks)

19. If the nerve supply to the heart of a mammal is severed, the rhythmic heart contraction and relaxation will go on and heart continues to beat. Explain why.            2mks

20.The chart below is a summary of the blood clothing mechanism in man.

      Name

1. i) The blood cells represented by X. (1mark)

      ii)The metal ion represented by Y.                                    (1mark)

      iii)The end product of the mechanism represented by Z.                         (1mark)

1. iv) A vitamin required for this process. 1mk

21.The cells shown below are adapted for transport in flowering plants.

      a).Name the tissue in which these cells are found.                       (1 mark)

      b).Identify and explain two observable features of these cells that adapt them to their role in

transport.                                                                                                                (2 marks)

22. State the advantage of desert animals excreting their nitrogenous waste in form of urea and not ammonia. (2 marks)

      (b) State two modifications on the kidney nephron of desert mammals.             (2 marks)

23. State two structural differences between the veins and arteries 2 mks

24. Name the process that results to formation of tissue fluid. (1mk)

25.The diagram below shows the traverse section of a young stem.

• What are the functions of the structures labeled A, B and C 3mks

• What type of cells are fond in the parts labeleld 1mk

• Name the tissue labeled E 1mk

26. 5C₅₁ H₉₈ 0₆ + 145 O₂                       102 CO₂ + 98 H₂O

           The above equation shows an oxidation reaction of food substances.

1. What do you understand by the term respiratory quotient? (1 mark)

1. Determine respiratory quotient of the oxidation of food substances. (2 mark)

1. Identify the food substances. (1 mark)

27.State three reasons why plants lack complex excretory organs.        3mks

28.The figure shown below represents a kidney nephron.  Use it to answer the questions that follow.

      (a)  (i)   X is made up of a tuft of capillaries.  How do they differ from other capillaries in the body?                                                                                                              (1 mark)

Ii) What structural difference exist between W and Z?                                 (1 mark)

            (iii) State the significance of the difference stated in (a) (ii) above.  (1 mark)

      (b)  State three adaptations that enable P to perform its function.          (3 marks)

      (c)  What is counter flow and in which part of the nephron does it occur           (2 marks)

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